HAMBURG 
 Germany's second-largest city 
 The June 1933 census recorded a Jewish population of 16,885 (1.5 percent of the total), the fourth-largest Jewish community in Germany. Until 1933, there were no serious anti-Semitic incidents in the city. Jews were well integrated into the city's life and assimilation was widespread. After the Nazi rise to power, the Hamburg Jewish authorities intervened with the Jewish community of Morocco, to stop the boycott of German goods. On April 1, 1933, the day of the anti-Jewish boycott, in some parts of the city the population did not co-operate with the Nazis. Nevertheless, a few weeks later, Jews were being dismissed from government posts, the judiciary, health institutions, and the university. The new situation led to the emigration of 5,000 Jews between 1933-1937, and the reorganisation of Jewish communal institutions. 
 
 New faces entered community affairs 
 An outstanding figure among them was Dr. Leo Lipmann, who had been a State councillor in the Hamburg State Finance Department. In April 1936, Dr. Joseph Carlebach, the rabbi of Altona, was appointed Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, becoming its spiritual leader in both title and fact. The banker Max Warburg also played an increasing role in Jewish affairs. Dr. Max Plaut became the chairman of the Jewish community. During Kristallnacht, most of the city's synagogues were vandalised. The central synagogue was sold to the state and torn down in 1939; the Tempel on Ober Street was also sold (it now serves as the North German Broadcasting Station); and the Neue-Dammtor Synagogue was repaired only to be destroyed by air attacks during the war. The disbanding of various organisations, which had begun earlier, was stepped up after the pogrom. In April 1939, the two existing Jewish schools were unified, and continued to function until the latter half of 1942. In the period from 1941-1945, seventeen transports of Jews left Hamburg for Lodz, Minsk, Riga, Auschwitz, and Theresienstadt. Over three hundred Hamburg Jews committed suicide, eighty of them when the deportations were at their height towards the end of 1941. By 1943, only 1,800 Jews remained most of them partners in mixed marriages. In June 1943, the Jewish community was officially liquidated and its officers were deported (Dr. Lipmann and his wife committed suicide). The total number of victims is estimated at 7,800.